Farmers in 22 counties will need emergency loans as the drought has caused them to lose 30 percent or more of their major crops this season.

The Pennsylvania Plot Emergency Board announced at a meeting that the federal government would need to be called upon to help the farmers suffering from the drought.

Governor Rendell said of the space, “Producers are struggling to maintain apt businesses because of drought and severe storms that have hit the commonwealth. It’s critical that we help our farmers recover from these uncouth losses to protect their livelihoods and our agricultural industry.”

Through the Governor’s constant requests, Pennsylvania farmers will be able to apply for low-interest federal loans. The funds will abet pay for flood, frost, hail, and drought damage.

The Governor added, “These emergency loans will help farmers recover from damages until crop insurance is able to assess their claims. I have asked Secretary Johanns to act quickly.”

Aside from receiving the federal loan to help with crop damage, farmers with slice insurance can use a original USDA decision regarding sample strips of the damaged crops.

Before this decision came, the USDA had to send out loss adjusters to each of the affect farmers and contemplate the damage in person. They would then have to tell the farmer to leave sample strips. Now, during the harvest seasons, farmers can receive information and permission via phone. The farmers also must contact their crop insurance agent to speak about damage losses before they start harvesting again.

Agriculture Secretary Dennis Wolff said, “By giving permission for sample strips over the phone, the claims process will be much faster. Being able to harvest their crops more quickly will help to ease the burden of drought on farmers.”

Wolff also noted that sample strips should be at least 10 feet wide and a length determined by the loss adjuster, depending on field acreage.

In addition, there is also more good news. Farmers who bought crop revenue insurance before March 15th of last year will be promised at least $4 a bushel this spring.

Before discussing the causes of progress, we need to identify what progress is. Progress is not simply income growth or increases in quantities of existing output types. Rather, as Randall Holcombe notes, “the more significant element of progress in the work people do is not the quantitative reduction in work hours or increase in output, but rather the qualitative changes in the nature of work.”[1] Furthermore, “[t]he changes in types of output and methods of production…create economic progress…”[2] During the 20^th century, the average real income in the United States increased roughly sevenfold.[3] This is an important part of progress, but it is not the whole. The kinds of goods available to consumers have expanded dramatically, and the quality of available goods has likewise soared. Airplanes, televisions, computers, mp3 players, and thousands of other goods which expand people’s opportunities and enhance their quality of life were non-existent in 1900. Medical advances during the same time have raised average life expectancy in the United States from 47 to 77 years.[4] Even if average incomes remained the same between then and now, the introduction of new goods, techniques, and knowledge would tranquil have dramatically elevated human living standards worldwide.

Progress, then, is a comprehensive improvement in the number, kind, and quality of goods, services, opportunities, and occupations available to individuals. As it involves a big multitude of considerations, progress cannot be measured by any single parameter, such as the per capita Gross Domestic Product or average number of hours worked or the output of any particular good. The number of horse-drawn carriages produced today is significantly smaller than that produced in the late 19^th century – yet most people would agree that substantial progress in transportation has been made and that the decline in horse-drawn carriage production is actually a sign of such progress. Integrating a wide variety of parameters and understanding their causal interactions is essential to obtain an understanding of whether progress is occurring and to what extent.

While it may be impossible to precisely measure the rate of progress as such, it is nonetheless possible to conclude with certainty that substantial progress has occurred over time – especially in the past 250 years and that the frequency of progress has greatly increased in the modern past. Holcombe observes, “The economic growth over this 250 year period has been remarkable, but the economic progress that has taken place over the same period is even more remarkable.”[5] Even judging by people’s subjective estimations of their possess lives, the evidence for progress is inescapable. In his first comprehensive “world map of happiness,” social psychologist Adrian White notes:

“The three predictor variables of health, wealth and education were… very closely associated with each other, illustrating the interdependence of these factors. There is a belief that capitalism leads to unhappy people. However, when people are asked if they are happy with their lives, people in countries with good healthcare, a higher GDP per capita, and access to education were much more likely to report being happy.”[6]

Furthermore, whatever the problems of the more technologically advanced and materially prosperous countries may be, they pale in comparison to the problems that were universal throughout most of human history and still plague much of the Third World today. White observes that “[t]he frustrations of modern life, and the anxieties of the age, seem to be grand less significant compared to the health, financial and educational needs in other parts of the world.”[7] Moreover, the desirability of the modern, technological, materially wealthy world over the impoverished, manual-labor-driven world of centuries past is heightened by the dramatic improvement in the sensibilities and behaviors of our contemporaries. Steven Pinker notes that “Violence has been in decline over long stretches of history, and today we are probably living in the most peaceful moment of our species’ time on earth.”[8] Moreover, people virtually everywhere have become vastly more humane, agreeing on the ethical intolerability of and abstaining from behaviors that have in past centuries been commonplace and unquestioned. Pinker explains:

“Cruelty as entertainment, human sacrifice to indulge superstition, slavery as a labor-saving device, conquest as the mission statement of government, genocide as a means of acquiring real estate, torture and mutilation as routine punishment, the death penalty for misdemeanors and differences of opinion, assassination as the mechanism of political succession, rape as the spoils of war, pogroms as outlets for frustration, homicide as the major form of conflict resolution– all were unexceptionable features of life for most of human history. But, today, they are rare to nonexistent in the West, far less common elsewhere than they used to be, concealed when they do occur, and widely condemned when they are brought to light.”[9]

Clearly, the fruits of progress are not simply the abundance and variety of material goods available. Progress improves the morals of virtually all human beings and enables them to coexist peacefully, ethically, and to mutual benefit. If we can pinpoint the enabling factor of progress, then promoting and enacting this cause is one of the noblest endeavors available to us.

Fortunately, the cause of progress is well-known and accessible; it is transforming and improving the world at this instant. This principle – which elevates every aspect of human life and distances humankind from the primeval state Hobbes described as a “war of all against all”[10] – is the liberty of individuals to act in any manner not injurious to the welfare of others. Thomas Jefferson enunciates this concept of liberty: “No man has a natural right to commit aggression on the equal rights of another, and this is all from which the laws ought to restrain him.”[11] F. A. Harper agrees and defines liberty as “the absence of coercion of a human being by any other human being; it is a condition where the person may do whatever he desires, according to his wisdom and conscience.”[12] Liberty does not give individuals any positive entitlements to concrete goods, but it protects an individual’s freedom to act to improve his life. Harper explains that liberty is not freedom from hardship or want; rather, “Nature will still impose its restrictions on [13] Freedom does not guarantee anybody his life or his happiness, but it does remove – as far as is humanly possible – any active manmade obstacles to their pursuit and securement. Having the resultant freedom, individuals can decide to act to remove natural barriers to their survival and happiness as well, or to trade and negotiate with others for the goods that will enhance their quality of life.

Integral to the concept and the preservation of liberty is the idea of private property. John Locke explains that every person originally owns his own body and his labor. Because, in a state of liberty, a man is free to use his labor to transform objects originally in the state of nature and thereby to remove them “from the common state Nature placed it in, “no Man but he can have a right to what that is once joined to”[14] and the transformed object becomes his property. The only legitimate ways to derive property are to mix one’s labor with objects in the state of nature or to find the consent of another individual who has already done so to the use of the fruits of his labor.

But it is not enough to simply have an abstract understanding of liberty and private property. These principles need to be well-defined and diligently enforced in order to bring about real-world progress. Even if an individual has a natural true to what he has acquired through his maintain labor or objective commerce, he will create little progress if his just property is not widely recognized and if he can be easily expropriated. In any market interactions, the parties involved need to be able to respond a series of crucial questions: “Does the seller own the [property] and have the right to transfer it? Can he pledge it? Will the current owner be popular as such by those who enforce property rights? What are the effective means to exclude other claimants? This is why the exchange of most assets outside the West is restricted to local circles of trading partners.”[15] Hernando de Soto notes that without an easily accessible, universally understood, and consistently enforced system of property rights, virtually every kind of asset “is extremely hard to move in the market.”[16] This partially explains why the economic benefits of capitalism have not materialized to the same extent in parts of the Third World as they have in Western countries. Western countries, over the course of centuries, have developed legal systems that recognized, codified, and protected property rights and “thus gave the West the tools to produce surplus value over and above its physical assets.”[17]

Well-defined property rights render individuals secure in what they possess and allow them to develop more innovative ways of using their assets in economic transactions that generate progress. De Soto notes the importance of well-defined property rights in “[f]ixing the economic potential of assets… [i]ntegrating dispersed information into one system… [m]aking people accountable… [m]aking assets fungible… [n]etworking people… and [p]rotecting transactions.”[18] Moreover, well-defined property rights channel people to only act in mutually beneficial ways. Peter Hill explains that “[u]nder a situation of well-defined and enforced property rights, the only transactions people engage in are ‘positive-sum’ or wealth-creating transactions, those that occur because all parties to the transaction believe they will be better off as a result.”[19] A society that respects liberty only permits individuals to take from others what others consent to give them; the law protects the property of every person and punishes violence and attempts at expropriation. The government is constructed both with external and internal checks and balances so that the state itself does not become an instrument of the violence and expropriation it has been delegated to prevent.

Enforcement of liberty and private property bring about progress through a multitude of ways. They constitute progress in themselves by freeing individuals from the arbitrary power of others to inflict harm on them. But moreover, a free society enables and encourages individuals to take full advantage of social cooperation through specialization and the division of labor. Ludwig von Mises explains that “[t]he fundamental facts that brought about cooperation, society, and civilization and transformed the animal man into a human being are… that work performed under the division of labor is more productive than isolated work and that man’s reason is salubrious of recognizing this truth.”[20] By using their own minds, people will enter into economic arrangements that enable the division of labor to flourish.

Indeed, the astronomical advantages of specialization are only possible in a society of liberty – where a wide extent of commerce is possible. Dwight Lee notes that “”a specialist produces much more of a product, or part of a product, than he wishes to capture himself.”[21] The only way for a specialist to gain from producing the entirety of the output within his ability is to trade a part of his output for the fruits of others’ labor. Only in societies where commerce is sufficiently free to be wide-ranging can people have a sufficient incentive to specialize. In unfree societies where commerce is limited, individuals will tend toward autarkic production – seeking to personally create all of the basic necessities of life. Without freedom and the consequent specialization, most individuals will live on the edge of subsistence. Unbiased as the workers in the pin factories Adam Smith observed were able to produce 48000 pins per day via specialization but would only have been able to form 200 pins per day if each worker made pins from start to attain, so individuals forced to personally supply all essential needs would achieve lower outputs by orders of magnitude.[22]

Liberty furthermore unleashes the innovative force of entrepreneurs who use their alertness to profit opportunities in order to watch better ways to employ resources for satisfying the demands of consumers. Israel Kirzner observes:

” Because the participants in this market are less than omniscient, there are likely to exist, at any given time, a multitude of opportunities that have not yet been taken advantage of. Sellers may have sold for prices lower than the prices which were in fact obtainable… Buyers may have bought for prices higher than the lowest prices needed to secure what they are buying…”[23]

The entrepreneur is the individual who notices such discrepancies before anyone else does and takes action to remedy them by purchasing assets at lower prices than those at which he sells them. But this pure arbitrage is not the extent of an entrepreneur’s contributions. Great of an entrepreneur’s contribution to progress “is spotting alternative methods of production, and spotting ways in which output characteristics can be altered to better satisfy the demands of purchasers.”[24] The entrepreneurs are ultimately responsible for introducing fresh consumer products; they reflect currently available goods or technical methods of production to be inadequate and offer an improvement. If the improvement stands the market test, the entrepreneurs are rewarded with profits, and consumers are qualitatively better off.

Much of the 20^th century’s progress can be attributed to the actions of entrepreneurs like Henry Ford, Steve Jobs, and Bill Gates. These individuals did not necessarily develop the products they popularized, but their activities were essential to the success of others’ inventions. Were it not for the entrepreneurs, some inventions might not have come to benefit the general public “because their originators were not able to build all the pieces together to produce those ideas profitable.”[25] But it is impossible to predict in approach which entrepreneurial decisions will ultimately pass the market test, accumulate profits, and improve the lives of consumers. Holcombe notes that “it may be impossible to say ahead of time what someone could do to be entrepreneurial.”[26] No government or committee of experts can foresee which actions will bring profit or correct economic discrepancies. Thus, progress cannot be centrally planned. The government can only hinder progress when it restricts the liberty of entrepreneurs to act on their alertness.

If we wish our lives to continue to improve in their length and quality, if we desire continued technological advances and rising standards of decency and morality, then it is essential to peruse liberty as the source of progress. A society of free men and confident, protected property owners is a society that can only grow and flourish.

Works Cited

de Soto, Hernando. 2001. “The Mystery of Capital.” Finance and Development. Vol. 38, No. 1. Available from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/03/desoto.htm. Accessed 9 January 2008.

Harper, F. A. 1957. [2007]. “Liberty Defined.” The Rational Argumentator, Issue CXXXV. Available from http://rationalargumentator.com/issue135/libertydefined.html. Accessed 19 December 2007.

Hill, Peter J. 1988. “Markets and Morality.” Bozeman, MT: Political Economy Research Center. Available from http://www.perc.org/perc.php? id=820. Accessed 21 December 2007.

Holcombe, Randall G. 2003. “Progress and Entrepreneurship.” Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics. Vol. 6 Num. 3. Retrieved January 9, 2007 from http://mises.org/journals/qjae/pdf/qjae6_3_1.pdf

Johnson, Johnson, and Johnson. “Quotes.” Available from http://www.shortydawkins.com/Quotes.html. Accessed 21 December 2007.

Kirzner, Israel M. 1973. Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.

Lee, Dwight R. 1998. “Specialization and Wealth.” The Freeman. Vol. 4 No. 8. Available from http://www.fee.org/publications/the-freeman/article.asp? aid=3509. Accessed 9 January 2008.

Locke, John. 1690. Second Treatise of Civil Government. Retrieved January 8, 2008, from http://www.constitution.org/jl/2ndtreat.htm.

Mises, Ludwig von. 1949. [2000.] Human Action: A Treatise on Economics. Ludwig von Mises Institute. Available from http://www.mises.org/humanaction.asp. Accessed 8 January 2008.

Pinker, Steven. (2007, March 19) “We’re Getting Nicer Every Day: A History of Violence.” The New Republic.

“Thomas Hobbes.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes. Accessed 8 January 2008.

University of Leicester (2006, November 14). Psychologist Produces The First-ever ‘World Device Of Happiness’. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 8, 2008, from http://www.sciencedaily.com­ /releases/2006/11/061113093726.htm

[1] Holcombe 2003, p. 6

[2] Holcombe 2003, p. 4

[3] Holcombe 2003, p. 5

[4] Holcombe 2003, p. 5

[5] Holcombe 2003, p. 6

[6] University of Leicester (2006, November 14)

[7] University of Leicester (2006, November 14)

[8] Pinker 2007

[9] Pinker 2007

[10] “Thomas Hobbes.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia

[11] Johnson, Johnson, and Johnson.

[12] Harper 1957

[13] Harper 1957

[14] Locke 1690, Sec. 27

[15] de Soto 2001

[16] de Soto 2001

[17] de Soto 2001

[18] de Soto 2001

[19] Hill 1988, p. 4

[20] Mises 1949, p. 144

[21] Lee 1998

[22] Lee 1998

[23] Kirzner 1973, p. 41

[24] Holcombe 2003, p. 18

[25] Holcombe 2003, p. 11

[26] Holcombe 2003, p. 11

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Prudence is the intellectual virtue which rightly directs particular human acts, through rectitude of the appetite, towards a good end. Moreover, it should be acknowledged that truth is the good of the intellect. Human beings need prudence to enact the perfection of the intellect which is truth. Furthermore, prudence is necessary in order to know how to act in the right way. Prudence also enables a human being to be able to discern the mid-point between excess and defect. For example, Glen has the virtue of prudence which enables him to perceive that bravery is the midpoint between being a coward (defect) and being rash (excess). As Aristotle claims, “To act virtuously is to act from inclination that has been cultivated by virtue”. This quote explains the notion that a virtuous person acts through knowledge and judgment. MacIntyre asserts, “Intelligence and Suitable virtue are inseparable”. MacIntyre believed that a prudent individual has to posses a eager intellect in order to view and not misconstrue the midpoint between excess and defect.

However, to comprehend the virtue of prudence an individual must understand the three stages to transform knowledge of reality. The first stage is deliberation, which is the good habit of deliberating well which produces the act of good counsel, ‘˜eubulia’ (Greek word for noble counsel). For example, John is considering putting off doing his term paper until the night before it is due. He asks his three dean’s list friends for their opinions. They tell John to inaugurate his paper as soon as possible because it will allow him to be more profound and considerate with his ideas. John adheres to his friend’s advice which is an example of good counsel (deliberation). The second stage is judgment, which is the act or process of judging; the formation of an notion after consideration or deliberation. Judgment is divided into synesis and gnome. Synesis is well-liked sense in ordinary run of affairs. For instance, Ben can make a judgment that four plus four equals eight. This is an example of common sense (synesis) because the equation will always produce the same result. On the other hand, gnome is being a good reflect when dealing with a problem that is not wholly covered by the law. Moreover, there is a lack of certainty with prudence. Therefore, a prudent person has to have the capacity to estimate about right action in various, unique situations. For example, Lisa decides not to cheat on her philosophy test because it would be morally wrong to cheat. Lisa’s judgment would be considered a gnome judgment.

As Aristotle writes, “Two parts possessing reason; one by which we behold those kind of beings, the principles of which cannot subsist otherwise than they do (scientific), and the other, by which we survey things of a contingent nature (ratiocinative)”. The last stage, decision (command), is the passing of judgment on an issue under consideration. Decision is the most important stage of the virtue of prudence because it is the action aspect of all the stages. Prudence is essentially about right action. As Aquinas writes, “I answer that, Prudence is right reason applied to action. Hence, that which is the chief act of reason in regard to action must needs be the chief act of prudence. Now there are three such acts. The first is to take counsel, which belongs to discovery, for counsel is an act of inquiry. The second act is to judge of what one has discovered and this is an act of the speculative reason. But the practical reason, which is directed to action, goes further, and its third act is to speak, which act consists in applying to action the things counseled and judged. And since this act approaches nearer to the end of the practical reason, it follows that it is the chief act of the practical reason, and consequently of prudence”. This quote reaffirms the conception that to command is the most well-known aspect of prudence.

St. Thomas Aquinas claimed that there are eight momentous integral parts of prudence. The first is memory, because without a good or at least a decent memory, there is no means to build up those experiences that will serve individuals decide what to do in the future. As Aquinas claims, “Prudence is acquired and perfected by experience”. This quote explains the notion that an increase in experiences will enable an individual to make prudent decisions. However, in order to gather an extensive amount of experiences a good memory is necessary. The second integral part of prudence is the understanding, because memories and experience are not very useful if we don’t understand them. Moreover, it is through logically taking apart a memory or experience that we see the steps that lead to the outcome. Individuals can then either repeat those steps or find ways to avoid them. The third integral piece of prudence is originate mindedness, because no one person can personally acquire all the experiences needed to make good decisions. In addition, by reading and listening to the facts and opinions of others we can acquire the experiences of the world. As Aquinas claims, “He must carefully, frequently and reverently apply his mind to the teaching of the learned, neither neglecting them through laziness, nor despising them through pride”. This quote shows that to become prudent, human beings must be willing to learn. It is difficult to comprehend the magnitude of having inaugurate mindedness. Many human beings are steadfast in there false conjectures.

Moreover, if individuals stay in thrall by their false notions they will never achieve prudence, which will lead to a life of vice. The fourth integral part of prudence is shrewdness which is characterized by keen awareness, sharp intelligence, and often a sense of the practical. Shrewdness enables an individual to evaluate their past experiences and the experiences of others. People must ask themselves; especially with the experiences of others, if the concept in my mind is a correct understanding of the experiences. Individuals must answer that it is possible that the experiences they have may be a lie or a half truth that has been passed down from others without any critical evaluation or is based on incorrect information. As Thomas a Kempis writes, “We must not trust every word of others are feelings ourselves, rather we should try the matter and see if it is of God”.

The fifth integral part of prudence is reason, because reason and logic should be used when evaluating our experiences. People must observe their memories with a vital eye to be able to completely seize various experiences. For example, some people believe that to prevaricate for a generous cause is justifiable and regard the statement as a “white lie.” However, if an individual uses his reason he will realize that prevaricating is never acceptable because it reduces the moral goodness of the agent. Prevaricating reduces the moral goodness of an agent because it causes the agent to accustom himself to vice. Moreover, to be prudent is to practice right action; therefore, if a human being practice improper action they will not be prudent. The sixth integral part of prudence is foresight, which is perception of the significance and nature of events before they have occurred. Human beings must decide what they are trying to effect and the goals that they are trying to reach. As Aquinas asserts, “Prudence is properly about the means to an slay, and its proper work is to set them in due order to the end”. The seventh integral part of prudence is circumspection, which is being heedful of circumstances and potential consequences. Before individuals can embark to where they want to go, they must peep at where they are. Furthermore, individuals’ current circumstances will dictate how they reach their goals. The last integral fragment of prudence is caution, which is careful forethought to avoid danger or harm. All decisions and plans have the potential to go wrong. Therefore, human beings have to be cautious in their actions. It is apparent that if an individual has all eight parts of the virtue of prudence, he can near closer to the goal of happiness. As Aquinas writes, “Happiness is secured through virtue; it is a good attained by man’s own will”. This quote explains that happiness in the temporal world is gained through being virtuous. For Aquinas claims, “There conditions are necessary for the salvation of man: to know what he ought to believe; to know what he ought to desire; and to know what he ought to do”. It is by the virtue of prudence that a man can know all the things required for his salvation.

However, there are vices that cause imprudence which can deter an individual’s goal of happiness. As Aristotle suggests, “For depravity distorts the judgment and produces deception about the practical principles. Hence it is evident that it is impossible for any one to be prudent unless he is a obedient man”. This quote reaffirms the plan that vices can effect a man imprudent. The first vice that leads to imprudence is impetuosity, which is the name given to the vice of acting quickly because of failure to think adequately the available means. Furthermore, impetuosity is caused by taking no counsel. For example, Billy is upset with Jack for stealing his girlfriend, so he hits him in the face rather than talking out the problem with Jack or asking a trusted friend how he should deal with Jack. Billy is then arrested for assault and locked up in jail. However, if Billy had acted prudently rather than being impetuous he could have found an intelligent and propitious way to resolve the plot. As Thomas a Kempis claims, “It is great wisdom not to be haste in action or stubborn in our own opinions”. Furthermore, Aquinas writes, “To bear with patience wrongs done to oneself is a mark of perfection, but to bear with patience wrongs done to someone else is a mark of imperfection and even actual sin”. Human beings have to be patient in their actions so that they can make the legal decision; unless another person is in danger. The second vice that causes imprudence is inconstancy, which is the failure to complete a moral act by refusing to command an act be done. For example, Jen has logically reached the conclusion that she should do her homework, but she refuses to apply her conclusion to action. Jen would rather watch “Gossip Girl”. This would be a clear instance of inconstancy.

The third vice that cause imprudence is negligence, which is a defect of the part of the intellect to enlighten the will in carrying out some favorable action. Moreover, negligence is blindness to the concrete reality. The fourth vice that causes imprudence is counterfeit prudence, which is excess in the propensity and desire for power, wealth, and fame. As Aquinas states, “Man should not consider his material possession his own, but as common to all, so as to share them without hesitation when others are in need”. This quote shows that man should not be overly concerned with wealth because it is not only his, but a gift to all mankind from God, so he should share with others rather than try to hoard as distinguished money as possible.

The fifth vice that causes imprudence is prudence of the flesh, which is excess good of: body, beauty, physique, and sensual pleasure. For Aquinas claims, “Man cannot live without joy; therefore when he is deprived of true spiritual joys it is primary that he become addicted to carnal pleasures”. This quote expounds on the notion that a man should pursue virtue or he will become a victim of vice. All human beings desire to be delighted, but they must choose a happiness that is best suited to their nature. The happiness that is best suited to their nature is final, self-sufficient, and can be obtained. According to Aristotle, people can find the ultimate happiness by trying to understand the fundamental principles that govern the universe and gain the rewards of solving these mysteries.

It is mandatory that mankind learn to control their passions by the virtue of temperance or they will be no better than the animals that are ruled by their senses rather than by reason. As Aquinas writes, “Most men seem to live according to sense rather than reason” and he also said, “Perfection of good virtue does not wholly take away the passions, but regulates them”. These quotes explain that it is by using reason and attaining the moral virtues that mankind realizes their suitable telos (extinguish). I mean by telos the final slay for man according to his nature as a proper being. Furthermore, by lawful being I mean the plan that man should do good and avoid evil. As Immanuel Kant claims, “Two things awe me most, the starry sky above me and the moral law within me”. This quote reaffirms the notion that man is a moral creature. The sixth vice that causes imprudence is astuteness, which is improper means to execute a desired end. A prudent man must comprehend that the end does not clarify the means. For example, Victor wants to achieve an A on his math test, so he decides to cheat by copying the answers on John’s test. This would be an instance of astuteness. The last vice that causes imprudence is thoughtlessness, which is defect of practical judgment. The thoughtless person does not acquire care or pains to develop careful judgment. If a man does not or perfunctorily consider his actions, he is like a dead man walking. It is by making good judgments that we show our divine nature. As Aquinas writes, “The highest manifestation of life consists in this: that a being governs its own actions. A thing which is always subject to the direction of another is somewhat of a dead thing”. This quote shows the indispensable importance of using good judgment and being a leader.

However, what is a true leader? A leader is an individual that never avoids the duty of making up his mind. An intelligent leader is aware that the man who insists upon seeing with perfect clearness before he decides, never decides. In order to accept life you must pick up regret and move forward with unrelenting resolve to be better than you were yesterday. Furthermore, leadership is the power to examine similarity in the dissimilar in order to solve problems. Moreover, leadership is the ability to not let neither the power of others, nor our own powerlessness stupefy us when strength and perseverance is needed to accomplish a task. In addition, a leader is aware that mankind is indissolubly linked with imitation; a human being only becomes human at all by imitating other human beings. Therefore, if a leader will provide an example of greatness, other human beings will follow by imitation. Also, leadership is the capability to bring chaos into order. A leader understands that there is a requirement to work while you work and play while you play, which is splendid self-discipline. Furthermore, honorable leadership is aware that large amounts of analysis kills spontaneity, which might be needed to solve a problem. However, contemplation is essential in many decision making situations. Moreover, a leader has common sense which is the measure of the possible; it is calm of experience and prevision; it is calculation applied to life. Leadership is a desire to conquer any difficulty, for it means pushing back a boundary-line and adding to one’s liberty. Furthermore, a leader is aware that it is not what he does or what he had which expresses the worth of a man, but what he is. Yet, how is prudence related to leadership? Leadership is important to prudence because if people only follow the opinions of others they can never be truly prudent.

Furthermore, what is the origin of imprudence? First is unchaste, which is to surrender to the passions of the world because it splits the decision of practical reason into two. If the passions are not ordered by temperance then a man cannot become prudent because he will not seek after superior ends. As Aquinas writes, “Temperance is simply a disposition of the mind which binds the passion”. The second origin of imprudence is covetousness, which is immoderate straining for all the possession that a man thinks is important to his status. Covetousness is imprudent for a man and for a nation because a kingdom cannot stand if there is no social justice, no matter how prosperous the kingdom might seem to be. Furthermore, it is a humble, prudent man of justice, who is filled with loving kindness for his fellow mankind that would be a moral servant of God; rather than a man only pursing the glitter and opulence of the temporal world. Moreover, when the will and the determination exist, nations and peoples of diverse backgrounds can and will work together. In addition, it is in unity to the achievement of celebrated goals and the assurance of that equality and brotherhood which individuals desire. It is true prudence that each member of the human species provides for each other. Prudence is the brightness of a man who acts truthfully and fulfills his responsibility as a moral being.
However, if prudence can be lost through forgetfulness, then would it not be pointless to effect that virtue? According to Aquinas, prudence cannot be lost by forgetfulness because it is a habit that is formed by practice, which means it would be second nature for a man with prudence to act prudently. As Aquinas claims, “forgetfulness regards knowledge only, wherefore one can forget art and science, so as to lose them altogether, because they belong to the reason. But prudence consists not in knowledge alone, but also in an act of the appetite, because its principal act is one of announce, whereby a man applies the knowledge he has, to the purpose of appetition and operation. Hence prudence is not taken away directly by forgetfulness, but rather is corrupted by the passions”. As the quote explains, prudence will not be lost by forgetfulness, so it is worth attaining that virtue. Furthermore, prudent people within a society will lead to a virtuous nation because they will always develop the proper decision in regards to code of conduct.

Moreover, in order to have a just society there must be prudence, because prudent people practice actions that are good for society. For example, in ancient Egypt, their resources for production were the Nile River and a fertile bank. This afforded them a surplus of food and material to produce goods. As a result, the people of the Egyptian society had evolved from their primitive form of miniature hunter gathering tribes. Their mode of production was human labor. The women would gather berries and harvest the crops while the men would do the hunting. This mode of production was very efficiently based on the resources that the Egyptians had to refine for production. In addition, the society was based on communal values. Therefore, there was no need for excess. Every member of the society was appointed various roles and strictly abide by it. As a result of a consistent and stable supply of the resources necessary for the maintenance of the society, they were able to evolve rapidly. In regards to the social aspect of the Egyptian society, they were a very humble people that were elated with the amount of the total resource that was allotted to them. The culture was based on a strict adherence to the Gods. They believed the Gods allowed the sun to rise everyday providing for a consistent and stable mode of production. The society as a whole believed in the importance of community because each member in the society had to fulfill their role to keep things stable. This is a perfect instance of a prudent society.

On the other hand, in the early ages of the American society, their mode of production was based on slave labor. Furthermore, there was an inequality between the divisions of the sum total of the American society’s total resources. Also, the society was based on individualism rather than communal values. The Capitalist system of the American society believed that all men were self-interested. By self-interested I mean that mankind wanted to pursue ends that furthered their chance of survival. The assumption of Capitalism is that if each member of the society pursued his own self-interest with intense zeal, it would lead to the betterment of the society as a whole. However, it failed to consider that such a mode of production would lead to inequality and oppression. It will lead to inequality and oppression because it fails to consider that those within the society that aren’t blessed by good birth, intellectual aptitude, and a ability to overcome the road blocks in the way to success will be oppressed by those who can. Generous birth being the advantage of being born a free man rather than a slave or being born wealthy rather than poor. With intellectual aptitude being the ability to obtain a decision quickly and efficiently when faced with a rational problem. And, the ability to overcome the road blocks in the intention to success being the understanding that perseverance will be needed in order to succeed at any endeavor. However, why do good birth, intellectual aptitude, and perseverance lead to success rather than oppression? It is because a good birth allows a person to have the resources and freedom to succeed, lustrous aptitude allows a person the ability to compete with others trying to succeed in a fast paced world, and perseverance allows a person to continue to strive towards a goal even after the first attempt has failed. These are all important factors when competing in an individualist society that values competition. This would be an example of an imprudent society.

After examining both the Egyptian and the American society we have arrived at a clear concept of how prudence can affect a society. Furthermore, we see by contemplating the virtue of prudence that a virtuous person is in a state of perfect harmony. By examining the integral parts of prudence and the vices that lead to imprudence we learn how to be prudent and how we can become imprudent. Therefore, prudence does resolve the development of a society.

Aquinas, St. Thomas. Summa Contra Gentile. University of Notre Dame, 1991. Print.

Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. 1st ed. New York: Oxford UP. Print.

Macintyre, Alasdair. After Virtue: a Study in Moral Theory. [S.l.]: Harpercollins, 1984. Print.

Oesterle, John A. Ethics: the Introduction to Moral Science. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1958. Print.

Thomas, A. Kempis., and Richard Whitford. The Imitation of Christ: as Written by Thomas A? Kempis. New York: Pocket, 1959. Print.

Thomas, St. Thomas. The “Summa Theologica” of St. Thomas Aquinas,. London: B. Oates & Washbourne, 1922. Print.

The most new example is “Baby Bob“, a very short-lived 2002 sitcom starring a talking man-baby character that had starred in a series of ads for FreeInternet.com. Although the high-profile company died after the infamous dotcom crash, the talking baby emerged unscathed with his own CBS sitcom, “Baby Bob.” When the network cancelled the show after only nine episodes, Bob emerged one more time to star in a series of TV commercials for Quiznos Subs. In 2007, he was even too creepy for Quiznos and his character was pulled from all further ads. But, don’t feel too sorry for Bob. He quiet has his maintain web page on the Quiznos site.

From a critic’s standpoint, “Baby Bob” serves as additional proof that what has worked in the 30-second ad format has been difficult to sustain in a much longer sitcom or motion picture format.

Of course, there are exceptions to every rule.

Jim Varney’s brilliant “Hey Vern!” character, Ernest P. Worrell, not only translated well into a children’s television show, but also became a successful series on the big conceal.

In 1980, a Nashville-based advertising agency, Carden & Cherry, cast struggling comic actor Jim Varney as Ernest P. Worrell in a series of Southern regional TV ads for a variety of products. His Ernest character was a talkative nosy neighbor whose catchphrase was “know whut I mean? ” The ads caught on and the Ernest P. Worrell character then began appearing in various commercials across the country. In 1988, CBS brought “Hey, Vern! It’s Ernest!” to their Saturday children’s television line-up. Although the series lasted only a year, the Ernest P. Worrell character next made a successful transition to the big screen, starring in a series of wonderful low-budget movie comedies including “Ernest Goes to Camp”, “Ernest Saves Christmas”, and six others.

The California Raisins also transitioned to children’s television, in their case, a cell-animated series. They made their debut as a claymation-animated Motown-style singing group in a 1987 commercial for the California Raisin Advisory Board. Like Ernest, their TV series only lasted a year. However, their ancillary merchandise still continues to sell.

The Max Headroom character took the opposite route from the prior mentioned characters. He began as a cyberpunk protagonist in a 1984 British television movie. In 1987, Max Headroom came to the States as an ABC television series. Despite a strong cult following, it only lasted fourteen episodes. After the show was cancelled, Max appeared in a series of highly successful commercials for Coca-Cola.

SOURCES:

“Gauging viewer tastes”, Stuart Elliot, New York Times, URL: (http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/16/business/media/16adco.html? _r=1&oref=slogin)

“Who Owns Your Big Idea? “, Noreen O’Leary, Adweek, URL: (http://www.adweek.com/aw/national/article_display.jsp? vnu_content_id=1003556825)

“Why advertising’s cavemen are going totally Hollyrock? “, Brooks Barnes and Suzanne Vranica, Wall Street Journal, URL: (http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117305670677226518-GDYgRU6JmWO40cfjfFMEDLLE_DM_20070311.html)

“Caveman Chic”, Ramin Setoodeh, Newsweek, URL: (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17887559/site/newsweek/)

http://adweek.blogs.com/adfreak/2006/06/quiznos_finally.html

“Glimpse who’s hawking”, Seth Stevenson, Slate, URL: (http://www.slate.com/id/2112786/)

“Advergaming”, David Radd, Business Week, URL: (http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/oct2006/id20061011_567417.htm? chan=innovation_game+room_top+stories)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_P._Worrell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Raisin

“Max Headroom”, Henry Jenkins, Museum of Broadcasting Communications, URL: (http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/M/htmlM/maxheadroom/maxheadroom.htm)

Gather up the needed information before beginning to make calls.

The information that is needed for a car insurance quote usually is not too difficult to collect. You need to know the make and year of your car or cars. The agent will ask for the ages of each driver that will be a regular driver. Think about your driving habits and write down the approximate number of miles that each car is driven during a year. Write down any accident or ticket that you or the other drivers have had during the last three years.

Determine which insurance companies and brokers that you will contact.

You need the name of the company or broker along with the phone number. It is a good concept to list these on a sheet of paper with a grid to record the various quotes as they are given. Most of the time, the agent will not quote the price on the spot but will call you back. Keep this sheet near the phone so you can fill in the information when it is received.

Pay attention to the differences between the insurance quotes.

The cost of insurance does not unbiased include the premium price. You will need to know the amount of various deductibles. Make sure that you have the liability limits. Describe whether you are buying comprehensive, towing, car rental, and other types of coverage. Some policies may be far less than the rest, but offer remarkable less in terms of benefits. This may be what you want to save money, but in many cases, agents may just determine not to quote the options to shoot you a low premium amount.

Never allow you novel insurance to lapse before purchasing a replacement policy.

Most car insurance companies will penalize you for not having a new policy in force. Many times this extends to the grace period offered by your current insurer. The new company will want to see that your new insurance is paid up to date. If you like to play the game of seeing how gradual you can pay car insurance without losing your coverage, it can cost you now. Shop for new insurance in the middle of a monthly premium period if you pay monthly.

Always shop for new car insurance when you can minimize the overlap in policies.

If you have a six month or annual premium, you will want to shop for unique insurance during the last six weeks or so of the premium period. Make sure that you give cancellation notification in time for your old insurer to extinguish your policy without having additional premiums due.

Interestingly enough, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has done research on women and men in the labor force and the numbers seem to be somewhat unsettling. In terms of managerial and professional specialty, it is stated that men, on average, in the year 2000, had 15,739,000 workers while women had 15,866,000 workers in the same fields. In the year 2001, the numbers were very similar, men with 15,947,000 workers compared to women with 16,155,000 workers. Nevertheless, even though the numbers for women workers are somewhat larger, the wages they earn are significantly lower. For the year 2000, median weekly earnings for men were recorded at $1009 compared to $726 for women. Similarly in the year 2001, median weekly earnings for men were $1046 compared to $742 for women. That is a $15,000 annual income difference for people who are supposedly completing the same jobs and receiving a drastically different amount on their paycheck 

However, the numbers can be somewhat explained under the present conditions. Characteristically, individuals in upper level Executive positions earn more than those in lower positions, and since women only believe a small fraction of the upper level positions, it is no surprise that women rep less money. Thus, the question becomes as to why women do not hold more of the upper level positions in the IT profession. For example, out of the Chief Information Officer’s or CIO-equivalents at 300 Fortune 1000 companies and the 100 fastest-growing companies recently surveyed by Amsterdam, N.Y.- based Sheila Greco Associates, there were only 41 women (13.7 percent), compared with 259 men (86.3 percent). Sheila Greco Associates say that the percentage of women CIO’s has not changed since their research consultancy began its annual survey in 1998(Paul). 

According to the 1996 Information Week 500 list of leading IT users, women held the highest-ranking IT positions at only about 7% of the 500 companies listed. Five years later, the number only rose by 1.8 percent to 8.8% of the positions held by women or 44 out of 500 Executives. Among them were Farmers insurance Group, Cecilia Claudio, and Modern York Life Insurance Co., Judith Campbell. Not surprisingly, the Society for Information Management, an organization of senior IT executives, counts only 195 women among its 2700 members. According to ongoing research by Robert Zawacki, professor emeritus of management and international business at the University of Colorado and distinguished scholar in residence at accounting firm KPMG Peat Marwick in New York, just 20% of senior IT executives are women, while nearly 40% of all IT employees are female. These findings were based on a recognize conducted every year for 20 years in IT departments at 200 companies in different industries (Wilde). 

Amid all of these statistics, it looks like companies are getting the idea, slowly but gradually allowing women to be active in its upper level positions. Xerox, for example, received several awards for its diversity programs. Now, the company has about one-third of its IT department composed of women workers. Xerox CIO Wallington says that 10 years ago a woman in the computer industry had to be “a harder worker, a smarter person, a more qualified” than her male peers to move beyond the ranks of programming into management. Now that she has arrived, Wallington says, being a woman often makes it easier for her to be heard than her male counterparts. Quiet, Wallington notes that outside the walls of Xerox, IT is like the rest of corporate America- dominated by white males. She adds, “But hope can be taken from the fact that you can point to those exceptions, exceptions that weren’t there 10 years ago, so clearly there has been progress (Paul).” It seems that having a woman already in a higher position at a company makes it easier for other women to follow suite.

It seems that in IT at least, women are beginning to become a winning force in the Glass Ceiling war. Ann Winblad, founder of Hummer Winblad Venture Partners, a $95 million venture-capital fund in Emeryville, Calif., says the software industry is a meritocracy. “Skills matter more than gender,” she says, “It’s an industry where the intellectual capital wins.” For men and women, Winblad says, keys to success are quick-witted stamina and common sense. Winblad, who started her career as a systems analyst in 1973, encourages women to be themselves, and to not adjust their personalities to fit a man’s world. “Having a personality that is the same whether it’s with friends or business colleagues is the key to success- and so far less stress, ” she adds (Paul). Thus, individualism is supposed to give women the upper hand when going out for jobs in the upper ranks of the IT field. 

IT, it seems, when it comes to sexism, is not much different from other careers. Computer consultant and author Ellen Ullman is quoted as saying “Sexism is everywhere, but technology is one place where for the first two-thirds of your career- if you’re noble at it- you’ll be on equal footing with people around you. Other consultants agree with Ullman that “IT is one of the best equal-opportunity areas in our society today,” says Victor Janulaitis, president of Clear Attend Review, an IT management and consulting firm in Santa Monica, Calif. “It doesn’t care what race, color, creed, or sexual preference you are. If you as an individual can produce results, you’ll be rewarded, and you’ll proceed and progress (Wilde).” While this sounds very reassuring, it might still be a little far advanced into the future for current times.

As far as minorities are concerned, a study was done in order to attribute the Glass Ceiling as a factor in the advancements or lack thereof of black IT workers. The Glass Ceiling Commission has suggested that there might be a glass ceiling that prevents them from reaching the top levels of IS and non-IS management positions. The commission’s figures expose that managers were 92% white and 8% minority in 1988, identical to percentages found in 1980 and 1985. A sample of 138 employees were used, 50% black and the other half white, and 52% of the sample were women. Eighty-two of the IS participants held managerial positions, and the remaining 41% percent held professional positions without supervisory responsibilities. The sample dilapidated was also of similar age. The measurements were done through a job performance rating and job performance attributions with a rating scale included on the Supervisor Survey. The stare confirmed the presence of race differences in job performance evaluations, attributions, career advancement prospects, and career satisfaction. Dim IS employees received lower job performance ratings, were less likely to have their job performance attributed to internal causes, were less successful in their jobs, were perceived as having less favorable advancement prospects, were more likely to be plateuad in their careers, and experienced lower career satisfaction than white IS employees (Igbaria, Wormley). 

Alright, so there are fewer women Executives in IT then men, and minorities face a glass ceiling when trying to excel. The query is, why is this the case? Quite frankly, as some place it, women find the demands of IT a little bit too demanding. Karen Hogan, acting deputy CIO of the Department of Commerce in Washington, D.C. says that she wouldn’t want to occupy the CIO job at her agency because the time demands the position would impose on her life would be too considerable to bear. Women, due to the fact they need to care for children, find themselves more at odds with the near-constant travel and intense 24/7 demands of being a CIO (Paul). However, several surveys have found that the pickle of balancing work and life are a major concern of male CIO’s as well. According to a new online survey by CIO of 310 IT professionals, almost as many men as women (57% versus 63%, respectively) felt they did not have an appropriate work and life balance in their current job. “Both men and women realize this is an issue,” says Judy Rosener, professor at the Graduate School of Management of the University of California at Irvine. Rosener believes the eventual dismantling of the glass ceiling in IT will retract pressure off both sexes. Rosener says, “A lot of men are saying they no longer want the burden of feeling they have to fetch to the top.” However, still more men than women are willing to sacrifice their personal lives in exchange for a successful professional life, while women may not be ready to leave their instilled domestic responsibilities.

Even though all of this sounds very promising, the numbers themselves show that this equality still has a long design to go in order to near reality. Another reason why IT might not favor women is because of the sheer fact that women, throughout history, have not been the major proponents of math and technology. According to Charles W. Moore, the dissatisfaction of females in the IT profession can be explained through a simple observation of the way that women and men act on a daily basis. Men, when they get together, tend to talk about cars and the intricate parts of their hardware in their different machinery systems. Even though women might be better IT workers they will never get ahead due to the fact that they do not have the drive in IT that men have, thus giving them less satisfaction from working in the industry (Moore). While this is a very uncertain argument and exceptions do occur, it does tend to make sense. When most women exercise a computer, they are more keen in the software and what the computer can do for them than the machine part of the system and the means it takes in order to achieve the ends. Thus, in the job aspect of IT, that drive from the enthusiasm gained from the machine aspect in Information Technology, can be the factor that come by men most of the executive level positions. Just as when women pick out a car, most women tend to care more about the color and accessories of the automobile than the gas per mileage of the auto. Thus, grouped with the fact that women through history have had more domestic demands save on them, this lack of enthusiasm might be a factor that keeps women out of the front lines of the field.

Information Technology might be one of those recent careers of skill that acts very similarly to the oldest game of skill: the game of Chess. Being the oldest game, Chess if much more than just a game of skill. Few people realize this but the queen is the only section on the board that represents a woman, and she is the most powerful piece of the game. In medieval times, the surrender of the king would mean the loss of the kingdom to invading armies and that could mean change for the worse. The king is the most important, but not the most powerful piece in Chess. Thus, if the king is not protected, the game is lost. Perhaps, not much is different in world of Information Technology. Even though women might have the same or more skill in IT, they are also bound by the demands of domestic responsibility, and their female drive may not include the same interests in technology and machinery as the drive expressed within the male characteristic, giving males full control of the game. Furthermore, putting a woman in a high level position might be seen as a risk to many companies, not knowing how the public will reply to a woman run game. Thus, when it comes to wages, executives and workers in upper positions tend to make more money. When it comes to those upper positions, women may not enjoy the characteristics or the time needed to fill those positions, and that is why it might seem that women are more prone to descend prey to lower pay and lower jobs while in reality it might just be a consequence of the historical trends still evident in unique life today. Contrastingly from the recommendations of the Glass Ceiling Commission, affirmative action should not be applied; rather women and minorities should be promoted due to their efforts, drive, and skill, and not because of their gender or ethnicity. Therefore, until the queen and other minor pieces makes it evident that they rule the chess game, there will be, for some time to come, a struggle of women and minorities trying to attain higher level positions, and white men will continue to rule the field.

Bibliography

Moore, Charles W. “Female Dissatisfaction in the IT Industry.” (2001) 8 Feb. 2002
http://www.lowendmac.com/misc/01/0611.html.

Paul, Lauren Gibbons. “Why IT Hates Women (and the Women Who Stay Anyway).”
CIO Magazine 15 Sept. 2001: 1-10.

Wilde, Candee. “Women Prick Through It’s Glass Ceiling.” InformationWeek 20 Jan.
1997: 83.

Wormley, M. Wayne and Igbaria, Magid. “Race Differences in Job Performance and
Career Success.” Communications of the ACM March 1995: 82.

The mere suggestion of such a thing sends most sane-minded people into a mental tizzy full of flashing lights spiraling downward into an ever growing dark The reason why so several older Americans do not like to talk about acquiring older as it relates to driving is mainly because they do not like to believe about their time with the freedoms of the automobile being finite Yes, just like they said in Driver’s Education Class when you had been 16, driving is a privilege and not a proper.So there is the ugliest truth of all—1 day you may possibly no longer have a license to drive and will have to ask people today for rides That is never a pleasant realization, as it is a means to define one’s own mortality But what can senior citizens in the here and now do to try and save funds We all know Medicare and Medicaid do not pay as significantly as they utilized to and once you set a fixed income it is that way for life Here are five remarkable methods for seniors to save on their vehicle insurance.Take a Senior Citizen Driving Education Class—Several vehicle insurance corporations provide unique classes that support teach senior citizens what danger signs to look out for in terms of problems like driving at night The class typically gives practical solutions to challenges that could face senior citizen drivers each and every day And just by taking a 1- or two-day course, you could get a severe vehicle insurance discount!Ask for a Senior Discount—At still other vehicle insurance businesses all you have to do to get a discount is mention your age Some may possibly ask to see a driver’s license but only mainly because you still look so young.Bundle Insurance Policies Together—As a large number of senior citizens own their own homes, property or boats, it is constantly wise for them bundle all of their insurance policies with 1 firm Add in a life insurance policy and you have the recipe for 1 really happy agent and 1 seriously discounted bill.Only Acquire the Insurance Coverage You Require If You Aren’t Driving as A lot—Countless senior citizens, due to retirement or poor night vision, do not drive their cars as often as their younger peers in America So if you truly don’t feel you will need that particular all-encompassing coverage plan since you only drive 1,500 miles a year then by all means say no.Get the Proper Vehicle for You and Your Body—Secure, well-built and inexpensive cars with straightforward ingress and egress and very good crash test ratings normally cost less to insure You see, that minivan you bought truly is paying dividends And you can in fact get out of it with out wrenching your back once more .

To initiate the process of getting an auto insurance quote you will need to have information on all licensed drivers in your home. This information includes lawful name, age, and driver’s license number. You will also need information on the car or truck that you are going to insure. If you already own the car, have the title of the vehicle to assure accurate information. The auto’s registration will also be needed if you have already registered it. If you currently have auto insurance have the policy ready to compare current coverage and rates. If you are looking to get insurance on a car that you have not yet purchased you will need the car’s year of fabricate, make, and model.

Beyond this information you will also need to answer a few questions concerning your driving habits to score an auto insurance quote. You will need to be able to give an estimate of how many miles you drive per year, the location of where you park your car at night, and for what purpose you drive your car (do you use it for work related travel? ).

Getting an auto insurance quote will only consume a few minutes if you are prepared to provide the needed information. This simple process can result in an insurance quote that can save you a lot of money over your existing coverage.

What kind of discounts should senior citizens look for?

• Outmoded driver discount- Drivers that are of a certain age will be able to apply for the mature driver discount, which is available on most auto insurance company.

• Qualified driver discount- Drivers who have a clean driving record, without many accidents, or moving violations will see a significantly lower auto insurance premium. This discount can be substantial for senior drivers since a proven track describe or safe driving will likely be continued.

• Multiple policy discount- The multiple policy discounts is available for any age driver, but drivers who are seniors have a good chance at having various insurance policies that younger drivers may not have. Combining auto insurance policies such as house, auto, and boat insurance will reduce your monthly premium significantly.

• Driving class discount- Completing a safe driver’s class is not only easy, but it helps save money annually on your insurance bill. From personal experience I can say that the driver’s class takes about 4 hours and is incredibly easy to complete.

Are there any auto insurance companies that are better than others for senior citizens?

Choosing an auto insurance company is a personal choice for the individual. The discounts offered for drivers of any age, especially senior citizens, will receive lower rates for their driving describe. The auto insurance premium for senior citizens will depend greatly on age, as mentioned earlier; the cost of the premium will vary greatly for senior citizens. I recommend completing a driving class since it shows the auto insurance company that you care about safe driving.

Overall

Overall, the cost of insurance for senior citizens will depend on the same factors as it does for individuals of any age. Senior citizens are entitled to the senior citizen or mature driver discount, but may face higher premiums based on age. Older drivers can receive discounts that younger drivers may not be entitled for, but since auto insurance companies vary there is no best company for seniors. However, the best company you choose will be based on your driving record and discounts that are available.

Sources:

Personal experience